Financial calculations

Accurate economical calculations are an important phase when evaluating one’s own possibilities to succeed.

Calculations must be realistic and preferably estimate expenses to be too high rather than too low. This guide is associated with the Excel calculation programme Financial calculation. You can fill the Financial calculation with the help of this guide. On the left side of the calculation programme, there is a reference to the point in this guide. You will find advice, figures or calculation formulas to base your calculations on. With the help of the Financial calculation, you can calculate the profitability of your business.

With These Instructions You Can Fill Financial Calculations

The calculation program is xlsx -file and you can fill it with Microsoft Excel software (pay) or Libre Office Calc software (free). This instructions is associated with the calculation programme Financial calculation. You can fill the Financial calculation with the help of these instructions. On the left side of the calculation programme, there is a reference to the point in this web page. You will find advice, figures or calculation formulas to base your calculations on. With the help of the Financial calculation, you can calculate the profitability of your business.

The calculation gives you answers to following questions
1) Where do you need money and how much, and where will you get the funding?
2) What are the costs of entrepreneurship?
3) How will sales be formed?
4) How will the money cover annual costs?
5) How much will the entrepreneur earn per year?

3.2 Instalment of a Loan and Interests

In Act 1, we calculated the needed financing. In this item, the programme calculates automatically the expenses of the financing.

3.5 Wages and Salaries

In Finland, wage is paid for 2150 hours of work to the employee (8 work hours per day), although the real period of employment is approx. 1750 hours. Similarly, a person working 7,6 hours per day gets a wage of 2015 hours. Remember to include the wage paid to owners. It is wise to pay it due to a capital transaction tax in all company forms except companies with a corporate name, where wage payment is not possible.

Social security payments are 30 % of an employee’s gross wage with natural benefits, and in the accident-prone branch even 35 %. In case of illness, KELA (National Pensions Institute) does not cover all expenses and therefore it is recommended to calculate the social security payment at 50%. An entrepreneur in a corporation (Ltd., owns over 30 % of the company) pays an entrepreneur’s pension from his wage income, so extra payments of personnel will be 3 %. On behalf of other co-owners, the company will pay payments of its wages as they are employees. In a Commandite Company and in a company with general partnership, all responsible business partners belong to YEL (Entrepreneur’s Pension Insurance). To be safe, calculate all wages according to 50 % of extra payments.

3.6 Entrepreneur’s Pension Insurance

Finnish entrepreneurs (= has decision-making power in the firm) have to take the YEL (Entrepreneur’s Pension Insurance) according to your profession and wage, which you would receive for the same work as an employee. If you have worked before as an employee and now as an employer, you must calculate the pension expenses by multiplying 1,5 times the gross wage. If you work in an accident-prone branch (e.g. construction) choose the multiplier 1,7. If your wage income has been e.g. 25 000 Euros, the basis for the entrepreneur’s pension would be 31 000 Euros, because the pension is added to your wage. Remember the customers will finance your pension payments – you just pay it. A person starting a business for the first time has a 25 percent discount for four years time, but don’t take it into account in your calculation. An entrepreneur’s pension can be paid flexibly according to incomes and how much you want to pay.

3.7 Other Indirect Employee Cost

You need at least liability and legal expenses insurance. If you need fire insurance, it is approximately 0,3 % of the replacement value of the fixed assets. There are not obligatory personal insurance for the entrepreneur except YEL–insurance (Entrepreneur’s Pension Insurance). But it is highly recommended to take the following insurances due to financial safety:

1. Working and leisure time accident insurance and occupational diseases due to work
- insurance fee 1,7 % of annual wage which is the basis for the YEL payment
2. Permanent disability insurance
3. Life insurance whose amount is the same as the company loan

Payments for items 2 and 3 are determined by age of the person. Below are a few examples of life insurance fees which are calculated for a 100 000 € insurance sum. If the insurance sum is 150 000 €, the insurance fee is 1,5 times that given below.

3.8 Other Staff Costs

Employees' health care is compulsory in Finland and costs are approx. 250 €/worker.

3.9 Rent of Business Premises

Generally speaking, the best way to start a business is to acquire rental premises, unless you already have a suitable place. Location is important, therefore owning a premise in the wrong place doesn’t guarantee success. In the retail business, rental premises are common. Entrepreneurs want to keep a possibility to change place when necessary. Budget also for a 1-3 month deposit which the landlord requires. The deposit will be paid back at the end of the rental period. If a municipality is the landlord, ask if it is possible to have a compensation e.g. in connection with a purchase.

Operating Costs of The Business Premises
Depending on the premise, you might have to take an electrical connection. The fee depends on the size and location of the connection. In the zoned areas, the connection fee is 40 - 90 Euros/Ampere and in normal sparsely populated area the joint fee is 50 - 100 Euros/A. There will be also a connection fee of approx. 200 €. There are great differences in the prices depending on the supplier and the municipality you live in. In this item, we estimate fixed expenses, meaning expenses which occur regardless of the manufacturer. These are ventilation, lighting and heating of premises.

Costs of electricity, heating, water, costs and waste management (VAT. 0 %)

• The total price of general electric costs inclusive energy- and transfer payments is app. 0,13 €/kWh. You can calculate the electric consumption with the following formula; power of electric devices (kWh) x useable hours x 0,13 Euros. The electric costs of an ordinary office are approx. 6 Euros/m2 a year.
• The annual cost of heating is app. 10 - 13 €/m2/year. High ceilings raise heating expenses by 20 – 30 %.
• In light industry, offices and shops water consumption is app. 25 litres /person/day, that is 19 €/person/year, but in nursing home 150 - 200 litres/day that is 175 Euros/person/year.
• Collection mixed waste costs app. 8 € /collection/600-660 litre container and app. 6 €/collection/300-360 litre container. Collection bio waste costs app. 9 €/collection/140-240 litre container.

Examples how to calculate the electricity consumption costs:

• Welding machine 3000 W, use 5 h/day and 210 days: 3 kW x 0, 13 €/kWh x 5 h x 210 days= 410 €/year
• Lightning in a shop or office 100 m2: lamp 36 W x 10 bulbs use 10 h/day, 6 days/week and 12 months = 0,036 kW x 0,13 €/kWh x 10 bulbs x 10 h x 6 days x 52 weeks = 146 €/year

3.10 Rental of Equipment, Leasing and Partial Payment Installments

There are different ways to rent equipment:
1) Can be rented traditionally without obligation to buy for a short time
2) Leasing rents 2-5 years period (you don’t own the purchased equipment after the payment period)
3) Partial payment financing, financing period max. 60 months (you own the purchased equipment from the beginning)

In cases 2) and 3) additional collateral is not needed.

Leasing financing means that you have to pay by cash 0 – 30 percent of the value of the purchase and the rest you pay in monthly instalments. The maximum pay-back period is 60 months. You can choose the amount of the final installment as a percentage of the total financing, max. 40 %. Usually after the payment period, the equipment is not yours, but you can also purchase the equipment from the leasing company. In leasing, the overall interest is approx. 5 %. Each month you can deduct the VAT included in the purchase.
Partial payment financing means that you have to pay by cash 20 - 40 percent of the value of the purchase and the rest you pay in monthly instalments (max. pay-back period is 60 months). You will get a return of the VAT you pay within 2 months.

Benefits of Leasing Rental
Expenses are easy to budget and also maintenance and repair are often included in the leasing agreement. VAT can be deducted every month. In a final accounts analysis, a company’s invested capital Interest is higher because invested capital is replaced with leasing. Money is not committed to purchasing equipment, capital is available to use in the business.

3.11 Costs of ADP-equipment and -programs

Office costs include office supplies and equipment. Office machines can be deducted as a small-scale acquisition. The highest sum for these is 2500 € VAT 0 %. In this way, a single purchase can be at most 850 € VAT 0 %. Also personal computers etc. are included in this category in spite of the price.

3.12 Costs of Other Machinery and Equipment

The tools discussed here mean tools whose operating life is under 3 years, like hand tools, office work equipment and so on. The tax authority approves deductions once also machinery purchases 850 Euros/piece VAT 0 %, which total amount won’t exceed 2 500 € per year. Tools and work clothes are a part of a company’s image and must be updated.

3.15 Travelling Expenses

Travelling expenses connected to business travel can be deducted, i.e. expenses due to visiting an exhibition. It is good to remember tax free kilometre allowance when using your own car and also daily expense allowances. Practitioners and entrepreneurs are not allowed to pay kilometre and daily expense allowances to themselves in cash. Those must be marked as a travelling expense allowance on a personal tax declaration.
Owners of commandite companies, general partnerships or corporation companies (Ltd) travelling expenses are paid in cash. Because the tax authority is interested in tax free payments to owners of companies, travelling-expenses accounts or a driver’s log must be carefully documented and delivered to a bookkeeper. There are also other expenses due to travelling; accommodation, bus tickets, plane tickets, etc.

Refund for Transportation costs in year 2021:

• Kilometre allowance when using own car is 0,44 €/km
• Daily allowance is 44 €, with following terms: the trip lasts over 10 hours and is over 15 km from the starting point and also over 5 km from home
• Half-day allowance is 20 €, with following terms: the trip lasts over 6 hours and is over 15 km from the starting point and also over 5 km from home

3.17 Marketing

The costs of marketing depend on the business. At the lower end, marketing costs consist of business cards and logo costs.

Printing a business card costs app. 50 - 300 € + VAT.

• Designing a business logo and forms costs aprx. 300 - 400 € + VAT.
• Websites costs 300 – 2000 €.
• Neon lights. It is possible to buy them used although you need to add new text. The minimum cost is 500 € + VAT. A new large neon light (5 m2) costs 1500-2000 € + VAT.
• Decals (for van, window) costs aprx. 50 €/m2 + assembly costs are 45 - 50 €/h. Planning may also cost.
• Remember to budget also for printed advertisements in different media.

Advertising in newspapers (+ VAT)

• Subscription local newspaper and free regularly published newspaper: aprx. 1,0 – 2,5 €/column millimeter.
• Provincial newspaper: aprx. 1,8 – 6,0 €/column millimeter. Higher prices on Sundays.
• When advertising it is useful to repeat the advert more than once. If you repeat the advert 2-4 times discount is 20 % and more than 10 times the discount is 30-50 %. It is profitable to have a negotiation with prices.

Advertising on radio (+ VAT)

• National commercial radios: Radio Nova aprx. 390 - 470 €/30 seconds, Iskelmä (local) app. 28 – 90 €/30 sec, The Voice aprx. 150 €/30 sec. Advertisement is separately ordered and costs start at 200 €.
• Small local radios: price aprx. 16 - 60 €/30 seconds and usually advertisement is done at the same price.

Advertising on television and internet (+ VAT)

• TV – advertising: Price varies greatly depending on time, region and number of showings. Regional prices are aprx. 60 - 5 500 €/show and national prices are aprx. 800 - 12 500 €/show. Production costs are from 1 500 €.
• Search word advertising in internet (e.g. Google): based on “click pricing” (CPC) in other words you pay only when your link is clicked. The price varies from 0,10 - 10 €/click. You can limit the costs by settling a boundary
  how many clicks can be connected to your link.
• Web -Banner advertising (CPI): Cost per impression, term used in online advertising and marketing related to web traffic. Example of the costs: ”Tower 200 x 900px” in the one of the popular web pages Iltalehti costs are 6,5 €/impression.

3.19 Administrative Services

Bookkeeping offices collect from 700 - 2000 €/year. If there is a folder full of bookkeeping receipts fees each month, the fee may be 400 - 500 €/month. If your company is commandite company, general partnership or corporation company (Ltd), it is good to add costs of auditing accounts 200 - 500 €/year.

3.20 Knowledge Acquisition

A new entrepreneur should increase his/her expertise and knowledge of entrepreneurship. The Employment and Economic Development Centre organises many different kinds of trainings each year. Attendance fees are reasonable due to public financial aid.In order to keep up your expertise in your field, you should order professional journals. You might also need to order newspapers and magazines for your customers or your own knowledge acquisition. However, your daily newspaper is worth changing to company’s expense.

3.21 Costs of Communication and Monetary Transactions

A challenge when starting a business is the lack of credit information, so e.g. telephone connections can’t be opened.

• Internet connection fee is aprx. 360 €/year VAT 0 %.
• Payment terminals cost from 400 € or aprx. 15,90 €/month. Use of a payment terminal costs aprx. 4 €/month, the annual fee is approx. 85 €, and there is a fee of 0,031 % per payment, however the minimum payment is 0,04 € and max. 0,75 €/payment.
• Counting cash in the bank costs aprx. 3 - 7 €. Fees vary between banks.

3.22 Insurance Premiums

The company needs a liability- legal insurance. The insurance costs are in retail business 400 - 1000 €/year and in industrial business 1000 - 2000 €/year.

Other Expenses

• Employees’ health care is compulsory in Finland and costs are aprx. 250 €/worker.
• Parking fees, representation expenses, meeting costs and cost of establishing a business.
• Federation of Finnish Enterprises membership fee is aprx. 160 €/single membership
• Unemployment Funds for Entrepreneurs example annual income 30 000 €, annual fee 510 €/year. More info: Yrittäjäkassa.

Lisence to play music
There is a fee for playing music in business premises in Finland. According to law, if you play recorded music in your premises or in your switchboard (e.g. from radio, television, computer, etc.), you must pay a royalty fee via Gramex (record company) and Teosto (artists). More details: www.musiikkiluvat.fi

Example copyright costs:

• hairdresser premises size 1 - 30 m² cost 245 €/year
• shops under 100 m² cost 410 €/year

Yleisradio tax (YLE tax)
Limited liability companies, cooperatives, associations and foundations which taxable income is more than 50 000 euros are obligated to pay the YLE tax. General partnerships, limited companies and housing cooperatives are not obligated to pay YLE tax. Taxable amount is at minimum 140 € and at maximum 3000 €, and it is counted 140 euros + 0,35 % from the amount that exceeds taxable income 50 000 euros.

Office supplies and machines, mileage under three years, regardless of purchase price.

3.24 Other Costs

• Business meeting costs with suppliers, customers and staff.
• For example personal cars owned by the company (notice! VAT can't be deducted).